Introduction to Operating System | Full Course for Beginners Mike Murphy 🌚 Lecture for Sleep & Study

Explains the fundamentals of operating systems, their importance, and their role in providing abstraction and arbitration in computer systems.

Discusses how operating systems manage access to shared hardware resources such as the CPU, memory, and I/O devices, enabling compatibility and efficient use of diverse hardware devices.

Illustrates examples of abstraction and arbitration in operating systems, including supporting multiple applications, memory isolation, and device interfaces.

Describes the layered structure of a computer system with the operating system acting as a middleman between applications and hardware, specifically the core or kernel.

Explains the variety of operating systems including UNIX, Microsoft Windows, and Unix-like systems, highlighting their differences and usage in different devices.

Discusses storage devices like hard disk drives, solid-state drives, and optical drives, detailing their functions, performance, and characteristics.

Explores various disk scheduling algorithms such as FIFO, SCAN, C-LOOK, and Native Command Queuing, and their impact on disk access efficiency.

Provides an overview of software development cycles, models, and formal methods, emphasizing the importance of requirements analysis and project management.

Explains the role of file systems in organizing data on storage devices, managing file permissions, and handling metadata including fragmentation and journaling.

Covers the types of software development projects, stakeholder analysis, resource allocation, and the significance of requirements analysis in project success and resource optimization.

This chapter discusses the roles and relationships of stakeholders involved in the development process, including customers, development companies, users, and funding entities, emphasizing their vested interests in the system outcomes.

Entities associated with stakeholders are explained, including human users and computer systems, detailing their roles in the system. The chapter also covers the expectations and interests of stakeholders falling into various categories.

Functional requirements specifying software application behaviors and outputs are discussed along with non-functional requirements related to software architecture and quality attributes. Examples and standards like ISO or IEC 9126 are mentioned.

The concept of multi-programming systems is introduced, highlighting the management of multiple processes and the use of protection rings, mode switches, and interrupts for efficient system operation.

A comparison between early kernels like the rc4000 monitor and the Unix kernel is provided, focusing on their differences in functionality, design, and support for features like inter-process communication and device drivers.

The chapter introduces Unified Modeling Language (UML) and its role in software engineering, discussing its use for software design, system modeling, and communication among development teams. Various diagram types and tools are also mentioned.

UML activity diagrams are explained, detailing their use in modeling system behavior and processes, including various elements like states, actions, decisions, and activity partitions. The chapter emphasizes the representation of system activities and interactions.

Different interrupt handling mechanisms, including programmable interrupt controllers and message signal interrupts, are discussed. The chapter covers the process of handling interrupts, interrupt dispatch routines, interrupt vectors, and fast versus slow interrupt handlers.

Use cases in software development are explained, outlining their role in describing system behavior, scenarios, triggers, and guarantees. The chapter differentiates between black box and white box use cases and emphasizes the importance of user-centric narratives.

The chapter introduces finite state machines as a model for system state transitions, input processing, and output generation. It explains the concept of states, transitions, and the use of a tape model for input and output data in software systems.

Explanation of finite state machines, transitions, and types of state machines like deterministic and non-deterministic machines.

Description of UML for modeling deterministic finite state machines and minimizing non-determinism.

Introduction to dynamic memory allocation, fixed memory partitioning, systems using RAM, and different memory allocation algorithms.

Discussion on memory fragmentation, external and internal fragmentation, and algorithms to handle memory fragmentation issues.

Explanation of slab allocation for kernel memory, regions, structure space, and efficient memory allocation techniques.

Overview of memory protection mechanisms like segmentation, permission bits on page table entries, and arbitration mechanisms for accessing memory.

Explanation of test-driven design, automated unit testing, iterative development, and limitations of test-driven design.

Introduction to paging, page tables, hierarchical page tables, and extended page tables for virtualized environments.

Introduction to UML class diagrams, class components, object-oriented design elements, methods, and class relationships.

This chapter discusses the aggregation and composition relationships in Association Relationships. It explains how instances of one class provide collections of instances of other classes in aggregation, and how composition expresses a strong relationship where instances are created or destroyed by the containing class.

The memory subsystem chapter introduces concepts related to memory management, multi-programming, swapping, paging, and backing store. It explains how processes can have their logical pages mapped to physical frames and the techniques used for memory allocation and page swapping.

In this chapter, the focus is on software engineering approaches, specifically breaking down large software systems into smaller pieces for easier management and reuse. It also discusses the misconceptions around object-oriented languages and the key concepts behind objects and classes.

Object-oriented design principles are explained in this chapter, emphasizing reuse, encapsulation, information hiding, and polymorphic interfaces. It delves into defining objects, properties, behaviors, and the balancing act required to achieve the correct level of granularity in object-oriented design.

This chapter covers the implementation of object-oriented designs in different programming languages (C++, Python, Java). It explains how object-oriented designs can be implemented in procedural languages and the specific implementations in each language.

The process model chapter introduces the concept of processes, including process creation, forking, and execution. It discusses the states of a process, context switching, process control blocks, and the role of the CPU scheduler in managing processes on a system.

Process switching and scheduling are detailed in this chapter, explaining context switches, preemption, and the necessity of storing process state in process control blocks. It also touches on CPU scheduling types and the dispatcher's role in transitioning processes.